![]() ![]() To understand the rate and size-dependent penetration processes, we present coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of the ballistic impact of spherical projectiles on lipid membranes. Despite recent progress in developing micro/nanoscale ballistic tools, the underlying biophysics of how fast projectiles deform and penetrate cell membranes is still poorly understood. ![]() ![]() Therapeutic agent loaded micro and nanoscale particles as high-velocity projectiles can penetrate cells and tissues, thereby serving as gene and drug delivery vehicles for direct and rapid internalization. Zhang, Yao Meng, Zhaoxu Qin, Xin Keten, Sinan In contrast, theīallistic impact response of lipid membranes. Similar lengthy references dealing with pertinent aspects include. Methods for Analysis and Simulation of Ballistic ImpactĪRL-RP-0597 â- Apr 2017 US Army Research Laboratory Methods for Analysis and Simulation of Ballistic Impact by John D Clayton.Laboratory Methods for Analysis and Simulation of Ballistic Impact by John D Clayton Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL.analytical, and numerical methods of ballistics research. The ballistic techniques employed for the experiments are similar to those employed in an earlier study.« less We have recorded and tabulated below projectile impact speed, projectile residual (post- impact) speed, projectile failure mode, target failure mode, and pertinent comments for the experiments. Once we realized that a projectile was not damaged during interaction with a target, we used a 4-inch thick 6061-T6-alloy aluminum witness block with a 6.0-inch x 6.0-inch cross-section to measure projectile residual penetration. Early on, we employed a non-damaging ''soft-catch'' technique to capture projectiles after they perforated targets. We employed radiography to observe a projectile just before and after interaction with a target plate. The object of these experiments was to determine the ballisticmore » limit speed of 6Al-4V alloy titanium high fineness ratio projectiles centrally impacting 6Al-4V alloy titanium flat plates and the failure modes of the projectiles and the target. The second set of one-third scale experiments was conducted with a 14.5mm powder launcher. The object of the experiments was to determine the ballistic limit speed of 6Al-4V-alloy titanium, low fineness ratio projectiles centrally impacting 2024-T3 alloy aluminum flat plates and the failure modes of the projectiles and the targets. The first set of full-scale experiments was conducted with a 14.5mm air propelled launcher. Our fragility functions and field studies show that although unreinforced buildings are highly vulnerable to large ballistics (> 20 cm diameter), they can still provide shelter, preventing death during eruptions.īallistic Experiments with Titanium and Aluminum TargetsĭOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)ĭuring the course of the project we conducted two sets of fundamental experiments in penetration mechanics in the LLNL Terminal Ballistics Laboratory of the Physics Directorate. ![]() To improve assessment of building vulnerability to ballistics, we use our experimental and field data to develop quantitative vulnerability models known as fragility functions. This was not well identified in previous work which may have underestimated building vulnerability to ballistic hazards. Our experiments provide new insights by quantifying (1) the hazard associated with post- impact shrapnel from building and rock fragments (2) the effect of impact obliquity on damage and (3) the additional impact resistance buildings possess when claddings are struck in areas directly supported by framing components. We additionally completed a series of cannon experiments which simulate ballistic block impacts to building claddings to investigate their performance over a range of ballistic projectile velocities, masses and energies. Ontake in Japan and compiled available impact data from eruptions elsewhere to identify common damage patterns from ballistic impacts to buildings. We assessed ballistic impacts to buildings from eruptions at Usu Volcano and Mt. An improved, quantitative understanding of building vulnerability to ballistic impacts is required for informing appropriate life safety actions and other risk reduction strategies. Quantitative assessments are limited by a lack of experimental and field data on the vulnerability of buildings to ballistic hazards. Recent casualties in volcanic eruptions due to trauma from blocks and bombs necessitate more rigorous, ballistic specific risk assessment. ballistics: Quantifying the vulnerability of buildings to volcanic ballistic impacts using field studies and pneumatic cannon experiments ![]()
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